Abstract-THz Tomography and image processing: a new tool for polymer and ceramic additive manufacturing quality control

15th Asia Pacific Conference for Non-Destructive Testing 

J.B. Perraud, A.F Obaton, B. Recur, H. Balacey, F. Darracq, J.P. Guillet, P.Mounaix,

http://www.ndt.net/events/APCNDT2017/app/content/Paper/129_Mounaix_Rev2.pdf

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an essential tool to make 3D objects having very complex shapes and geometries, unachievable with standard manufacturing approaches. Meanwhile, quality controls of such objects become challenging for both industrials and applications in laboratories due to both their complexity and the materials they are made of. Consequently, we demonstrate that terahertz (THz) imaging and THz tomography can be considered as efficient methods for such object inspection in routine applications. Thus, this paper proposes an experimental study of 3D polymer objects obtained by AM techniques. This approach allows us to characterize defects and to control dimensions by volumetric measurements on 3D data reconstructed by tomography. 

Abstract-2D and 3D Terahertz Imaging and X-Rays CT for Sigillography Study

• M. Fabre, 
• R. Durand, 
• L. Bassel, 
• B. Recur, 
• H. Balacey, 
• J. Bou Sleiman, 
• J.-B. Perraud, 
• P. Mounaix, 

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10762-017-0356-3

Seals are part of our cultural heritage but the study of these objects is limited because of their fragility. Terahertz and X-Ray imaging are used to analyze a collection of wax seals from the fourteenth to eighteenth centuries. In this work, both techniques are compared in order to discuss their advantages and limits and their complementarity for conservation state study of the samples. Thanks to 3D analysis and reconstructions, defects and fractures are detected with an estimation of their depth position. The path from the parchment tongue inside the seals is also detected.

Abstract-Art Painting Diagnostic Before Restoration with Terahertz and Millimeter Waves

Jean-Paul Guillet, M. Roux, K. Wang, X. Ma, F. Fauquet, H. Balacey, B. Recur, F. Darracq, P. Mounaix
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10762-017-0358-1

Art painting diagnostic is commonly performed using electromagnetic waves at wavelengths from terahertz to X-ray. These former techniques are essential in conservation and art history research, but they could be also very useful for restoring artwork. While most studies use time domain imaging technique, in this study, a painting has been investigated using both time domain imaging (TDI) and frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) system in the millimeter frequency range. By applying these systems to a painting of the eighteenth century, we detect and analyze the structure of some defects. This study underlines the differences between FMCW and TDI. We present the advantages and disadvantages of each technique on a real artwork.

Abstract-Liquid index matching for 2D and 3D terahertz imaging

J. B. Perraud, J. Bou Sleiman, B. Recur, H. Balacey, F. Simoens, J. P. Guillet, and P. Mounaix

https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-55-32-9185

Two-dimensional (2D) terahertz imaging and 3D visualization suffer from severe artifacts since an important part of the terahertz beam is reflected, diffracted, and refracted at each interface. These phenomena are due to refractive index mismatch and reflection in the case of non-orthogonal incidence. This paper proposes an experimental procedure that reduces these deleterious optical refraction effects for a cylinder and a prism made with polyethylene material. We inserted these samples in a low absorption liquid medium to match the sample index. We then replaced the surrounding air with a liquid with an optimized refractive index, with respect to the samples being studied. Using this approach we could more accurately recover the original sample shape by time-of-flight tomography.

© 2016 Optical Society of America

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Abstract-Terahertz imaging and tomography as efficient instruments for testing polymer additive manufacturing objects

J. B. Perraud, A. F. Obaton, J. Bou-Sleiman, B. Recur, H. Balacey, F. Darracq, J. P. Guillet, and P. Mounaix
https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-55-13-3462

Additive manufacturing (AM) technology is not only used to make 3D objects but also for rapid prototyping. In industry and laboratories, quality controls for these objects are necessary though difficult to implement compared to classical methods of fabrication because the layer-by-layer printing allows for very complex object manufacturing that is unachievable with standard tools. Furthermore, AM can induce unknown or unexpected defects. Consequently, we demonstrate terahertz (THz) imaging as an innovative method for 2D inspection of polymer materials. Moreover, THz tomography may be considered as an alternative to x-ray tomography and cheaper 3D imaging for routine control. This paper proposes an experimental study of 3D polymer objects obtained by additive manufacturing techniques. This approach allows us to characterize defects and to control dimensions by volumetric measurements on 3D data reconstructed by tomography.

© 2016 Optical Society of America

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Abstract-Low-frequency noise effect on terahertz tomography using thermal detectors

J. P. Guillet, B. Recur, H. Balacey, J. Bou Sleiman, F. Darracq, D. Lewis, and P. Mounaix
https://www.osapublishing.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-54-22-6758

In this paper, the impact of low-frequency noise on terahertz-computed tomography (THz-CT) is analyzed for several measurement configurations and pyroelectric detectors. We acquire real noise data from a continuous millimeter-wave tomographic scanner in order to figure out its impact on reconstructed images. Second, noise characteristics are quantified according to two distinct acquisition methods by (i) extrapolating from experimental acquisitions a sinogram for different noise backgrounds and (ii) reconstructing the corresponding spatial distributions in a slice using a CT reconstruction algorithm. Then we describe the low-frequency noise fingerprint and its influence on reconstructed images. Thanks to the observations, we demonstrate that some experimental choices can dramatically affect the 3D rendering of reconstructions. Thus, we propose some experimental methodologies optimizing the resulting quality and accuracy of the 3D reconstructions, with respect to the low-frequency noise characteristics observed during acquisitions.

© 2015 Optical Society of America

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Abstract-Review of Terahertz Tomography Techniques

• J. P. Guillet, 
• B. Recur, 
• L. Frederique, 
• B. Bousquet, 
• L. Canioni, 
• I Manek-Hönninger, 
• P. Desbarats, 
• P.

Mounaix

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10762-014-0057-0

Terahertz and millimeter waves penetrate various dielectric materials, including plastics, ceramics, crystals, and concrete, allowing terahertz transmission and reflection images to be considered as a new imaging tool complementary to X-Ray or Infrared. Terahertz imaging is a well-established technique in various laboratory and industrial applications. However, these images are often two-dimensional. Three-dimensional, transmission-mode imaging is limited to thin samples, due to the absorption of the sample accumulated in the propagation direction. A tomographic imaging procedure can be used to acquire and to render three-dimensional images in the terahertz frequency range, as in the optical, infrared or X-ray regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this paper, after a brief introduction to two dimensional millimeter waves and terahertz imaging we establish the principles of tomography for Terahertz Computed tomography (CT), tomosynthesis (TS), synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and time-of-flight (TOF) terahertz tomography. For each technique, we present advantages, drawbacks and limitations for imaging the internal structure of an object.