Abstract-Pulse-Based Distance Accumulation Localization Algorithm for Wireless Nanosensor Networks

Lina Zhou,  Guangjie Han,   Li Liu,

Diagram of network structure where nodes are divided into corner nodes, border nodes, and center nodes, and the distance between two adjacent nodes is estimated based on the value of the received pulse

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7994597/

Wireless nanosensor networks (WNSNs) consist of nano-sized communication devices, which are equipped with nano-transceivers, nano-antennas, and other functional modules. A nanosensor is an integrated device that ranges from 10 to 100 μm2 in size. Due to the limited communication capabilities of WNSNs, existing localization algorithms and protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are no longer applicable to WNSNs. This paper proposes a pulse-based distance accumulation (PBDA) localization algorithm for WNSNs that can be utilized to estimate the distance between nodes with known positions and nodes with unknown positions. The algorithm adopts femtosecond-long pulse for terahertz band communication based on ON-OFF keying (OOK) modulation. A clustering algorithm is first employed to reduce the energy consumption and time delay, then the nano-device analyzes the value of the received pulse based on the OOK modulation and estimates the distance between nodes. MATLAB simulations are implemented to verify the performance of PBDA by comparing it against the flooding-based hop-counting algorithm and cluster based hop-counting algorithm in terms of estimated distance accuracy, energy consumption, and time delay. The trilateral positioning method is also utilized to compare the localization error of PBDA with that of distance vector (DV)-hop. The results show that PBDA is able to support WNSNs with very high density in ranging and locating.

Abstract-A routing framework for energy harvesting wireless nanosensor networks in the Terahertz Band

Massimiliano Pierobon, Josep Miquel Jornet, Nadine Akkari, Suleiman Almasri, Ian F. Akyildiz

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11276-013-0665-y#

Wireless NanoSensor Networks (WNSNs) will allow novel intelligent nanomaterial-based sensors, or nanosensors, to detect new types of events at the nanoscale in a distributed fashion over extended areas. Two main characteristics are expected to guide the design of WNSNs architectures and protocols, namely, their Terahertz Band wireless communication and their nanoscale energy harvesting process. In this paper, a routing framework for WNSNs is proposed to optimize the use of the harvested energy to guarantee the perpetual operation of the WNSN while, at the same time, increasing the overall network throughput. The proposed routing framework, which is based on a previously proposed medium access control protocol for the joint throughput and lifetime optimization in WNSNs, uses a hierarchical cluster-based architecture that offloads the network operation complexity from the individual nanosensors towards the cluster heads, or nano-controllers. This framework is based on the evaluation of the probability of saving energy through a multi-hop transmission, the tuning of the transmission power of each nanosensor for throughput and hop distance optimization, and the selection of the next hop nanosensor on the basis of their available energy and current load. The performance of this framework is also numerically evaluated in terms of energy, capacity, and delay, and compared to that of the single-hop communication for the same WNSN scenario. The results show how the energy per bit consumption and the achievable throughput can be jointly maximized by exploiting the peculiarities of this networking paradigm