Abstract-Discovery of the soft electronic modes of the trimeron order in magnetite

• Edoardo Baldini, 
• Carina A. Belvin, 
• Martin Rodriguez-Vega, 
• Ilkem Ozge Ozel, 
• Dominik Legut, 
• Andrzej Kozłowski, 
• Andrzej M. Oleś, 
• Krzysztof Parlinski, 
• Przemysław Piekarz, 
• José Lorenzana, 
• Gregory A. Fiete & 
• Nuh Gedik                                                         

  

  The trimeron order in magnetite and the experimental methodology.

                                                                                                                                       https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-020-0823-y                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

The Verwey transition in magnetite (Fe3O4) is the first metal–insulator transition ever observed and involves a concomitant structural rearrangement and charge–orbital ordering. Owing to the complex interplay of these intertwined degrees of freedom, a complete characterization of the low-temperature phase of magnetite and the mechanism driving the transition have long remained elusive. It was demonstrated in recent years that the fundamental building blocks of the charge-ordered structure are three-site small polarons called trimerons. However, electronic collective modes of this trimeron order have not been detected to date, and thus an understanding of the dynamics of the Verwey transition from an electronic point of view is still lacking. Here, we discover spectroscopic signatures of the low-energy electronic excitations of the trimeron network using terahertz light. By driving these modes coherently with an ultrashort laser pulse, we reveal their critical softening and hence demonstrate their direct involvement in the Verwey transition. These findings shed new light on the cooperative mechanism at the origin of magnetite’s exotic ground state.