Nanosphere lithography makes graphene moiré metasurface

A new type of graphene metasurface containing moiré patterns that can be made using cost-effective and scalable nanosphere lithography has been developed by researchers at the University of Texas at Austin. The surface, which boasts multiband plasmonic resonance peaks that can be tuned from the mid-infrared to the terahertz range, could be used in applications like ultrathin light modulators, biosensors, flexible optoelectronics and photodetectors.

Making moiré patterns

 http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/tech/65983

When two pieces of fine mesh are placed one on top of the other and then rotated, new, more complicated patterns appear. As you keep on twisting, the patterns change like in a kaleidoscope and so-called moiré patterns form. Such patterns have been recently observed in scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) images of stacked layers of graphene (a sheet of carbon just one atom thick) with the twists causing dramatic changes in the material’s electronic properties.

Graphene also has extraordinary optical properties thanks to the fact that it supports strong surface plasmon polaritons. A polariton is a particle-like entity (or quasiparticle) that can be used to describe how light interacts with semiconductors and other materials that have been made to resonate at certain frequencies. It has two different components: an electron-hole pair (or exciton) and a photon, which is emitted when the electron and hole recombine. When a photon is emitted, it is immediately reabsorbed to reform an exciton, so the cycle is repeated. This continuous exchange, or coupling, of energy between photons and excitons can be described in terms of polariton states.

Tunable plasmonic resonance bands

Polaritons will play an important role in future photonics devices that exploit light instead of electricity to process information. Such devices will be much faster and use less energy than their electronic counterparts and the strong coupling of polaritons will be crucial for the success of this new photonics.

“Graphene metasurfaces show plasmonic resonance bands that can be tuned from the mid-infrared to the terahertz regimes,” explains Maruthi Nagavalli Yogeesh, who is a member of Deji Akinwande’s team in Texas. “These plasmonic bands could be exploited for biosensing, spectroscopy, light modulation and communications applications.”

Multiband surfaces are better

The problem is that current graphene plasmonic metasurfaces are usually single band and it would better to be able to make multiband surfaces for more advanced applications such as single-molecule detection, surveillance and communication.

Now, the Austin researchers have succeeded in making such a surface using a cheap and simple technique to pattern large area graphene into moiré metasurfaces having tunable multiband resonance peaks.

Obtaining various moiré patterns

“In this work, we patterned graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition into moiré metasurfaces by combining moiré nanosphere lithography (MNSL) and oxygen reactive ion etching (RIE),” explains Zilong Wu, a member of Yuebing Zheng’s team in Texas. “In brief, we self-assemble colloidal polystyrene (PS) nanospheres into a monolayer on substrates with the graphene. We then deposit a second monolayer of PS nanospheres on top of the first one using a similar process. We can control the relative rotation angle between the first and second layers to obtain various moiré patterns.”

An additional RIE step creates voids between closely packed nanospheres and etches away graphene that has been exposed to the plasma. “After removing the residual nanospheres, graphene sheets with moiré patterns are then left on the substrates,” adds Wu.

Towards protein biosensors

“By varying the relative rotational angle between the top and bottom monolayers of PS nanospheres during MNSL, we are able to significantly change the size and shape of the graphene nanostructures in the metasurfaces. This means that we can tune the multiband resonance peaks in the material from the infrared to the terahertz.” team member Wei Li tellsnanotechweb.org.

The team, reporting its work in Advanced Optical MaterialsDOI: 10.1002/adom.201600242, says that it is now working on making protein biosensors from the graphene metasurface. “We also hope to integrate it with THz photodetectors,” says Zheng.

About the author

Belle Dumé is contributing editor at nanotechweb.org

Abstract-Tunable Graphene Metasurfaces with Gradient Features by Self-Assembly-Based Moiré Nanosphere Lithography

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adom.201600242/full

Patterned arrays of graphene nanostructures, also referred as graphene metasurfaces, have proven to be capable of efficiently coupling with incident light by surface plasmon resonances. In this work, a new type of graphene metasurfaces with moiré patterns using cost-effective and scalable moiré nanosphere lithography (MNSL) is demonstrated. A large gradient in feature size (i.e., from sub-200 nm to 1.1 μm) of the graphene nanostructures exists in single metasurfaces. The in-plane quasi-periodic arrangement of the graphene nanostructures can be easily tuned to form a variety of moiré patterns. The experimental measurement and numerical simulations show that the graphene moiré metasurfaces support tunable and multiband optical responses due the size and shape dependences of surface plasmon resonance modes of graphene nanostructures. It is also demonstrated that the multiband optical responses of graphene moiré metasurfaces can be tuned from mid-infrared (MIR) to terahertz (THz) regimes by choosing polystyrene spheres of different sizes for MNSL. These findings provide a cost-effective and scalable strategy to achieve ultrathin functional devices, including multiband light modulators, broadband biosensors, and multiband photodetectors, which feature tunable and multiband responses in wide range of wavelengths from MIR to THz.