Toshihiko Kiwa, Tatsuki Kamiya, Taiga Morimoto, Kenji Sakai, and Keiji Tsukada
https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-26-7-8232
Terahertz chemical microscopy has been developed for measuring the pH of a solution using only a small volume. The microsolution wells were fabricated on the surface of the sensing plate using a conventional photolithograph technique. Because the pH value can be calculated from the amplitude of a terahertz wave directly radiated from a sensing plate by a femtosecond laser irradiation, this method does not require any reference electrode in the solution. Thus, pH measurement can be achieved with a volume as small as 16 nL.
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